Retraction policy

IJCESEN follows the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) regarding article retractions.

An article may be retracted if:

• There is clear evidence of unreliable findings.

• Research misconduct is confirmed.

• Plagiarism is detected.

• Duplicate publication is identified.

• Major ethical violations are discovered.

Retraction notices will:

• Clearly identify the retracted article.

• State the reason for retraction.

• Remain permanently linked to the original publication.

The original article will remain accessible for the integrity of the scholarly record but will be clearly marked as "Retracted."

Retractions may be initiated by the authors, editors, publisher, or research institutions after appropriate investigation.